{"resultsPerPage":1,"startIndex":0,"totalResults":1,"format":"NVD_CVE","version":"2.0","timestamp":"2026-04-20T06:00:05.380","vulnerabilities":[{"cve":{"id":"CVE-2021-47635","sourceIdentifier":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","published":"2025-02-26T06:37:05.280","lastModified":"2025-09-23T18:46:00.077","vulnStatus":"Analyzed","cveTags":[],"descriptions":[{"lang":"en","value":"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nubifs: Fix to add refcount once page is set private\n\nMM defined the rule [1] very clearly that once page was set with PG_private\nflag, we should increment the refcount in that page, also main flows like\npageout(), migrate_page() will assume there is one additional page\nreference count if page_has_private() returns true. Otherwise, we may\nget a BUG in page migration:\n\n  page:0000000080d05b9d refcount:-1 mapcount:0 mapping:000000005f4d82a8\n  index:0xe2 pfn:0x14c12\n  aops:ubifs_file_address_operations [ubifs] ino:8f1 dentry name:\"f30e\"\n  flags: 0x1fffff80002405(locked|uptodate|owner_priv_1|private|node=0|\n  zone=1|lastcpupid=0x1fffff)\n  page dumped because: VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(page_count(page) != 0)\n  ------------[ cut here ]------------\n  kernel BUG at include/linux/page_ref.h:184!\n  invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] SMP\n  CPU: 3 PID: 38 Comm: kcompactd0 Not tainted 5.15.0-rc5\n  RIP: 0010:migrate_page_move_mapping+0xac3/0xe70\n  Call Trace:\n    ubifs_migrate_page+0x22/0xc0 [ubifs]\n    move_to_new_page+0xb4/0x600\n    migrate_pages+0x1523/0x1cc0\n    compact_zone+0x8c5/0x14b0\n    kcompactd+0x2bc/0x560\n    kthread+0x18c/0x1e0\n    ret_from_fork+0x1f/0x30\n\nBefore the time, we should make clean a concept, what does refcount means\nin page gotten from grab_cache_page_write_begin(). There are 2 situations:\nSituation 1: refcount is 3, page is created by __page_cache_alloc.\n  TYPE_A - the write process is using this page\n  TYPE_B - page is assigned to one certain mapping by calling\n\t   __add_to_page_cache_locked()\n  TYPE_C - page is added into pagevec list corresponding current cpu by\n\t   calling lru_cache_add()\nSituation 2: refcount is 2, page is gotten from the mapping's tree\n  TYPE_B - page has been assigned to one certain mapping\n  TYPE_A - the write process is using this page (by calling\n\t   page_cache_get_speculative())\nFilesystem releases one refcount by calling put_page() in xxx_write_end(),\nthe released refcount corresponds to TYPE_A (write task is using it). If\nthere are any processes using a page, page migration process will skip the\npage by judging whether expected_page_refs() equals to page refcount.\n\nThe BUG is caused by following process:\n    PA(cpu 0)                           kcompactd(cpu 1)\n\t\t\t\tcompact_zone\nubifs_write_begin\n  page_a = grab_cache_page_write_begin\n    add_to_page_cache_lru\n      lru_cache_add\n        pagevec_add // put page into cpu 0's pagevec\n  (refcnf = 3, for page creation process)\nubifs_write_end\n  SetPagePrivate(page_a) // doesn't increase page count !\n  unlock_page(page_a)\n  put_page(page_a)  // refcnt = 2\n\t\t\t\t[...]\n\n    PB(cpu 0)\nfilemap_read\n  filemap_get_pages\n    add_to_page_cache_lru\n      lru_cache_add\n        __pagevec_lru_add // traverse all pages in cpu 0's pagevec\n\t  __pagevec_lru_add_fn\n\t    SetPageLRU(page_a)\n\t\t\t\tisolate_migratepages\n                                  isolate_migratepages_block\n\t\t\t\t    get_page_unless_zero(page_a)\n\t\t\t\t    // refcnt = 3\n                                      list_add(page_a, from_list)\n\t\t\t\tmigrate_pages(from_list)\n\t\t\t\t  __unmap_and_move\n\t\t\t\t    move_to_new_page\n\t\t\t\t      ubifs_migrate_page(page_a)\n\t\t\t\t        migrate_page_move_mapping\n\t\t\t\t\t  expected_page_refs get 3\n                                  (migration[1] + mapping[1] + private[1])\n\t release_pages\n\t   put_page_testzero(page_a) // refcnt = 3\n                                          page_ref_freeze  // refcnt = 0\n\t     page_ref_dec_and_test(0 - 1 = -1)\n                                          page_ref_unfreeze\n                                            VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(-1 != 0, page)\n\nUBIFS doesn't increase the page refcount after setting private flag, which\nleads to page migration task believes the page is not used by any other\nprocesses, so the page is migrated. This causes concurrent accessing on\npage refcount between put_page() called by other process(eg. read process\ncalls lru_cache_add) and page_ref_unfreeze() called by mi\n---truncated---"},{"lang":"es","value":"En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: ubifs: Corrección para agregar refcount una vez que la página se establece como privada MM definió la regla [1] muy claramente que una vez que la página se establece con el indicador PG_private, debemos incrementar el refcount en esa página, también los flujos principales como pageout(), migrants_page() asumirán que hay un recuento de referencia de página adicional si page_has_private() devuelve verdadero. De lo contrario, podemos obtener un ERROR en la migración de la página: page:0000000080d05b9d refcount:-1 mapcount:0 mapping:000000005f4d82a8 index:0xe2 pfn:0x14c12 aops:ubifs_file_address_operations [ubifs] ino:8f1 dentry name:\"f30e\" flags: 0x1fffff80002405(locked|uptodate|owner_priv_1|private|node=0| zone=1|lastcpupid=0x1fffff) página volcada porque: VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(page_count(page) != 0) ------------[ cortar aquí ]------------ ¡ERROR del kernel en include/linux/page_ref.h:184! código de operación no válido: 0000 [#1] CPU SMP: 3 PID: 38 Comm: kcompactd0 No contaminado 5.15.0-rc5 RIP: 0010:migrate_page_move_mapping+0xac3/0xe70 Rastreo de llamadas: ubifs_migrate_page+0x22/0xc0 [ubifs] move_to_new_page+0xb4/0x600 migrants_pages+0x1523/0x1cc0 compact_zone+0x8c5/0x14b0 kcompactd+0x2bc/0x560 kthread+0x18c/0x1e0 ret_from_fork+0x1f/0x30 Antes de tiempo, deberíamos aclarar un concepto, qué significa refcount en la página obtenida de grab_cache_page_write_begin(). Hay 2 situaciones: Situación 1: refcount es 3, la página es creada por __page_cache_alloc. TYPE_A - el proceso de escritura está usando esta página TYPE_B - la página es asignada a un cierto mapeo llamando a __add_to_page_cache_locked() TYPE_C - la página es agregada a la lista pagevec correspondiente a la CPU actual llamando a lru_cache_add() Situación 2: refcount es 2, la página es obtenida del árbol del mapeo TYPE_B - la página ha sido asignada a un cierto mapeo TYPE_A - el proceso de escritura está usando esta página (llamando a page_cache_get_speculative()) El sistema de archivos libera un refcount llamando a put_page() en xxx_write_end(), el refcount liberado corresponde a TYPE_A (la tarea de escritura lo está usando). Si hay algún proceso usando una página, el proceso de migración de página omitirá la página al juzgar si expected_page_refs() es igual a page refcount. El ERROR es causado por el siguiente proceso: PA(cpu 0) kcompactd(cpu 1) compact_zone ubifs_write_begin page_a = grab_cache_page_write_begin add_to_page_cache_lru lru_cache_add pagevec_add // coloca la página en el pagevec de la CPU 0 (refcnf = 3, para el proceso de creación de la página) ubifs_write_end SetPagePrivate(page_a) // ¡no aumenta el número de páginas! unlock_page(page_a) put_page(page_a) // refcnt = 2 [...] PB(cpu 0) filemap_read filemap_get_pages add_to_page_cache_lru lru_cache_add __pagevec_lru_add // traverse all pages in cpu 0's pagevec __pagevec_lru_add_fn SetPageLRU(page_a) isolate_migratepages isolate_migratepages_block get_page_unless_zero(page_a) // refcnt = 3 list_add(page_a, from_list) migrate_pages(from_list) __unmap_and_move move_to_new_page ubifs_migrate_page(page_a) migrate_page_move_mapping expected_page_refs get 3 (migration[1] + mapping[1] + private[1]) release_pages put_page_testzero(page_a) // refcnt = 3 page_ref_freeze // refcnt = 0 page_ref_dec_and_test(0 - 1 = -1) page_ref_unfreeze VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(-1 != 0, page) UBIFS no aumenta el recuento de referencias de la página después de configurar el indicador privado, lo que hace que la tarea de migración de la página crea que ningún otro proceso utiliza la página, por lo que se migra la página. Esto provoca un acceso simultáneo al recuento de referencias de la página entre put_page() llamado por otro proceso (por ejemplo, el proceso de lectura llama a lru_cache_add) y page_ref_unfreeze() llamado por mi ---truncated---"}],"metrics":{"cvssMetricV31":[{"source":"nvd@nist.gov","type":"Primary","cvssData":{"version":"3.1","vectorString":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","baseScore":5.5,"baseSeverity":"MEDIUM","attackVector":"LOCAL","attackComplexity":"LOW","privilegesRequired":"LOW","userInteraction":"NONE","scope":"UNCHANGED","confidentialityImpact":"NONE","integrityImpact":"NONE","availabilityImpact":"HIGH"},"exploitabilityScore":1.8,"impactScore":3.6}]},"weaknesses":[{"source":"nvd@nist.gov","type":"Primary","description":[{"lang":"en","value":"NVD-CWE-Other"}]}],"configurations":[{"nodes":[{"operator":"OR","negate":false,"cpeMatch":[{"vulnerable":true,"criteria":"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","versionStartIncluding":"2.6.27","versionEndExcluding":"5.10.110","matchCriteriaId":"0E0C611D-BB2E-4D53-8B88-9AA9DA93C3E8"},{"vulnerable":true,"criteria":"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","versionStartIncluding":"5.11","versionEndExcluding":"5.15.33","matchCriteriaId":"27C42AE8-B387-43E2-938A-E1C8B40BE6D5"},{"vulnerable":true,"criteria":"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","versionStartIncluding":"5.16","versionEndExcluding":"5.16.19","matchCriteriaId":"20C43679-0439-405A-B97F-685BEE50613B"},{"vulnerable":true,"criteria":"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","versionStartIncluding":"5.17","versionEndExcluding":"5.17.2","matchCriteriaId":"210C679C-CF84-44A3-8939-E629C87E54BF"}]}]}],"references":[{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3b67db8a6ca83e6ff90b756d3da0c966f61cd37b","source":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","tags":["Patch"]},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4f75bab98565afd4f905059c56ec4caba88a7eec","source":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","tags":["Patch"]},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5aaa2c0f0052b02c4a982993d4c5bb68fb7cbe22","source":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","tags":["Patch"]},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c34ae24a2590fee96a3a7735ba2fa6cc52306221","source":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","tags":["Patch"]},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/fbeb2139eed65e929ce806c6468e6601ade01b1b","source":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","tags":["Patch"]}]}}]}